<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116</id><updated>2011-12-14T22:57:44.762-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Cisco Tips - Tips for Cisco and network solutions</title><subtitle type='html'>Tips for CCNA users, or CCNA students. Including good tips for Modules 1, 2, 3 and 4 of CISCO Course."&lt;br&gt; My objective is to give tips for professionals and students, wich they use CISCO devices in their days.
Tips about protocols, hardware, configurations and more... &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Enjoy!&lt;br&gt;</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>46</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115952253938773151</id><published>2006-09-29T04:35:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-10-02T12:11:05.726-05:00</updated><title type='text'>EIGRP</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol&lt;/span&gt; (EIGRP) is a Cisco proprietary routing protocol based on their original IGRP. EIGRP is a balanced hybrid IP routing protocol, with optimizations to minimize both the routing instability incurred after topology changes, as well as the use of bandwidth and processing power in the router.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some of the routing optimizations are based on the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) work from SRI, which guarantees loop-free operation. In particular, DUAL avoids the "count to infinity" behaviour of RIP when a destination becomes completely unreachable. The maximum hop count of EIGRP-routed packets is 224. EIGRP has a lower maximum hop count than IGRP, 224 for EIGRP and 255 for IGRP. This is due to EIGRP having a larger routing overhead.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115952253938773151?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115952253938773151/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115952253938773151&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115952253938773151'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115952253938773151'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/09/eigrp.html' title='EIGRP'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115945569683420732</id><published>2006-09-28T10:01:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-09-28T10:01:36.846-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Types of VPN</title><content type='html'>Secure VPNs use cryptographic tunneling protocols to provide the intended confidentiality (blocking snooping and thus Packet sniffing), sender authentication (blocking identity spoofing), and message integrity (blocking message alteration) to achieve privacy. When properly chosen, implemented, and used, such techniques can provide secure communications over unsecured networks. This has been the usually intended meaning for VPN for some years.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because such choice, implementation, and use are not trivial, there are many insecure VPN schemes available on the market.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Secure VPN technologies may also be used to enhance security as a "security overlay" within dedicated networking infrastructures.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Secure VPN protocols include the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    * IPsec (IP security) - commonly used over IPv4, and an obligatory part of IPv6.&lt;br /&gt;    * SSL used either for tunneling the entire network stack, as in the OpenVPN project, or for securing what is, essentially, a web proxy. Although the latter is often called a "SSL VPN" by VPN vendors, it is not really a fully-fledged VPN in the usual sense. (See also TUN/TAP.)&lt;br /&gt;    * PPTP (point-to-point tunneling protocol), developed jointly by a number of companies, including Microsoft.&lt;br /&gt;    * L2TP (Layer 2 Tunnelling Protocol), which includes work by both Microsoft and Cisco.&lt;br /&gt;    * L2TPv3 (Layer 2 Tunnelling Protocol version 3), a new release.&lt;br /&gt;    * VPN-Q The machine at the other end of a VPN could be a threat and a source of attack; this has no necessary connection with VPN designs and has been usually left to system adminstration efforts. There has been at least one attempt to address this issue in the context of VPNs. On Microsoft ISA Server, an applications called QSS (Quarantine Security Suite) is available.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some large ISPs now offer "managed" VPN service for business customers who want the security and convenience of a VPN but prefer not to undertake administering a VPN server themselves. In addition to providing remote workers with secure access to their employer's internal network, other security and management services are sometimes included as part of the package. Examples include keeping anti-virus and anti-spyware programs updated on each client's computer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Trusted VPNs do not use cryptographic tunneling, and instead rely on the security of a single provider's network to protect the traffic. In a sense, these are an elaboration of traditional network and system administration work.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    * Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) is often used to build trusted VPN.&lt;br /&gt;    * L2F (Layer 2 Forwarding), developed by Cisco, can also be used.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115945569683420732?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115945569683420732/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115945569683420732&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115945569683420732'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115945569683420732'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/09/types-of-vpn.html' title='Types of VPN'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115945541497158154</id><published>2006-09-28T09:54:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-09-28T09:57:09.353-05:00</updated><title type='text'>VPN - What is ?</title><content type='html'>A virtual private network (VPN) is a private communications network often used within a company, or by several companies or organizations, to communicate confidentially over a publicly accessible network. VPN message traffic can be carried over a public networking infrastructure (e.g. the Internet) on top of standard protocols, or over a service provider's private network with a defined Service Level Agreement (SLA) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115945541497158154?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115945541497158154/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115945541497158154&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115945541497158154'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115945541497158154'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/09/vpn-what-is.html' title='VPN - What is ?'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115877580310807466</id><published>2006-09-20T13:08:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-09-20T13:10:03.126-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Question about VLAN / VTP</title><content type='html'>Brief: CCNA exam requires  a good understanding of VLAN / VTP concepts, terminology, and implementation using Cisco switches. We have given a few multiple choice questions to gauge your preparedness (yourself) of the subject before taking the exam!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Q1: Match the trunking protocols with respective media:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                1. Inter Switch Link    A. FDDI&lt;br /&gt;                2. LANE                    B. Fast Ethernet&lt;br /&gt;                3. 802.10                   C. ATM&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Choose the correct choice.              &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                   A. 1-&gt; C, 2-&gt;B, 3-&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                    B. 1-&gt;B, 2-&gt;C, 3-&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                    C. 1-&gt;B, 2-&gt;A, 3-&gt;C&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                    D. 1-&gt;A, 2-&gt;B, 3-&gt;C&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                    &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ans:B&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Explanation:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ISL, 802.1Q are the VLAN trunking protocols associated with Fast Ethernet. The VLAN trunking protocol defined by 802.10 is associated with FDDI. LANE (LAN Emulation) is associated with ATM.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115877580310807466?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115877580310807466/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115877580310807466&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115877580310807466'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115877580310807466'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/09/question-about-vlan-vtp.html' title='Question about VLAN / VTP'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115798989423225300</id><published>2006-09-11T10:47:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-09-11T10:51:51.820-05:00</updated><title type='text'>UTP Cable</title><content type='html'>EIA/TIA wiring standards were first published in 1991 and have been evolving ever since.  The EIA/TIA-568 standard defines the specification of the cable to be used as well as some installation rules.  The latest version of the EIA/TIA standard is 568B, which contains some minor enhancements to the original 1991 standard.  The most popular is Category 5, the highest-quality UTP cable.  It is tested at 100 MHz, allowing it to run high-speed protocols such as 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet and FDDI.  Category 5 cable also uses either 22 or 24 AWG unshielded twisted pair wire with impedance of 100 ohms.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The IEEE has defined three new physical layers for 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet.  By far, the 100Base-TX is the most popular one.  However, the IEEE also demands rigid compliance of how the cable is installed with RJ-45 connector.  Otherwise, you will have high-speed data transmission problem - NEXT.  NEXT is the coupling of signals from one twisted pair to another.  NEXT is undesired because it represents unwanted spillover from one pair to other.  The result is corrupted data or no connection at all.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even you are using Cat 5 cable with 4 twisted pair wires, it doesn't mean that the cable is 100% compliant with EIA/TIA standard if it is not connected to RJ-45 in the way it should be.  The Straight-through cable ("Patch cable") connection should be:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Pin 1 and 2 are connected to same twisted pair wire&lt;br /&gt;    Pin 3 and 6 are connected to same twisted pair wire&lt;br /&gt;    Pin 4 and 5 are connected to same twisted pair wire&lt;br /&gt;    Pin 7 and 8 are connected to same twisted pair wire&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115798989423225300?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115798989423225300/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115798989423225300&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115798989423225300'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115798989423225300'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/09/utp-cable.html' title='UTP Cable'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115773774742675368</id><published>2006-09-08T12:48:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-09-08T12:49:07.436-05:00</updated><title type='text'>What is voip</title><content type='html'>VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is simply the transmission of voice traffic over IP-based networks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Internet Protocol (IP) was originally designed for data networking. The success of IP in becoming a world standard for data networking has led to its adaption to voice networking.&lt;br /&gt;The Economics of VoIP&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;VoIP has become popular largely because of the cost advantages to consumers over traditional telepone networks. Most Americans pay a flat monthly fee for local telephone calls and a per-minute charge for long-distance calls.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;VoIP calls can be placed across the Internet. Most Internet connections are charged using a flat monthly fee structure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Using the Internet connection for both data traffic and voice calls can allow consumers to get rid of one monthly payment. In addition, VoIP plans do not charge a per-minute fee for long distance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For International calling, the monetary savings to the consumer from switching to VoIP technology can be enormous.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115773774742675368?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115773774742675368/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115773774742675368&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115773774742675368'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115773774742675368'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/09/what-is-voip.html' title='What is voip'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115693742643156605</id><published>2006-08-30T06:30:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-30T06:30:26.440-05:00</updated><title type='text'>DHCP</title><content type='html'>The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) automates the assignment of IP addresses, subnet masks, default routers, and other IP parameters. The assignment usually occurs when the DHCP configured machine boots up or regains connectivity to the network. The DHCP client sends out a query requesting a response from a DHCP server on the locally attached network. The DHCP server then replies to the client with its assigned IP address, subnet mask, DNS server and default gateway information.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The assignment of the IP address usually expires after a predetermined period of time, at which point the DHCP client and server renegotiate a new IP address from the server's predefined pool of addresses. Configuring firewall rules to accommodate access from machines who receive their IP addresses via DHCP is therefore more difficult because the remote IP address will vary from time to time. Administrators must usually allow access to the entire remote DHCP subnet for a particular TCP/UDP port.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Most home routers and firewalls are configured in the factory to be DHCP servers for a home network. An alternative to a home router is to use a Linux computer with a fixed IP address as a DHCP server. ISPs generally use DHCP to assign clients individual IP addresses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;DHCP is a broadcast-based protocol. As with other types of broadcast traffic, it does not cross a router unless specifically configured to do so. Users who desire this capability must configure their routers to pass DHCP traffic across UDP ports 67 and 68.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115693742643156605?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115693742643156605/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115693742643156605&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115693742643156605'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115693742643156605'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/dhcp.html' title='DHCP'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115688878019134178</id><published>2006-08-29T16:59:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-29T16:59:40.210-05:00</updated><title type='text'>CSU DSU</title><content type='html'>CSU/DSU&lt;br /&gt;From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia&lt;br /&gt;Jump to: navigation, search&lt;br /&gt;A CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit) is a digital-interface device used to connect a router to a digital circuit such as a T1 or T3 line.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A CSU/DSU operates at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. It terminates physical data connections, provides signal timing and translates the digital data stream into bipolar signals which are suitable for line transmission. The CSU/DSU also performs some error-reporting and loopback functions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A CSU/DSU is generally about the size of an external modem, but sometimes are full rack-mount devices. It converts a digital data frame from a local area network (LAN) into a frame appropriate to a wide-area network (WAN) and vice versa. For example, if you have a Web business from your own home and have leased T1 to a phone company, you have a CSU/DSU at your end and the phone company has a CSU/DSU at its end.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The CSU receives and transmits signals from and to the WAN line and provides a barrier for electrical interference from either side of the unit, and can also echo loopback signals from the phone company for testing purposes. The CSU originated at AT&amp;T as an interface to its nonswitched digital data system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The DSU manages line control, and converts input and output between RS-232C, RS-449, or V.xx frames from the LAN and the time-division multiplexed (TDM) DSX frames on the T1 line. It manages timing errors and signal regeneration. The DSU provides an interface to the Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) using a standard (EIA/CCITT) interface. It also provides testing capabilities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CSU/DSUs are made as separate products, sometimes part of a T1 WAN card or integrated into a DTE.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115688878019134178?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115688878019134178/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115688878019134178&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115688878019134178'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115688878019134178'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/csu-dsu.html' title='CSU DSU'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115677457359283080</id><published>2006-08-28T09:15:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-28T09:16:13.610-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Optical Fiber</title><content type='html'>An optical fiber (American spelling) or fibre (British spelling) is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide that transmits light along its axis, by the process of total internal reflection. The fiber consists of a denser core surrounded by a cladding layer. For total internal reflection to confine the optical signal in the core, the refractive index of the core must be greater than that of the cladding. The boundary between the core and cladding may either be abrupt, in step-index fiber, or gradual, in graded-index fiber.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;iber with large (greater than 10 μm) core diameter may be analyzed by geometric optics. Such fiber is called multi-mode fiber, from the electromagnetic analysis (see below). In a step-index fiber, rays of light are guided along the fiber core by total internal reflection. Rays that meet the core-cladding boundary at a high angle (measured relative to a line normal to the boundary) are completely reflected. The minimum angle for total internal reflection is determined by the difference in index of refraction between the core and cladding materials. Rays that meet the boundary at a low angle are refracted from the core into the cladding, where they are not useful for conveying light along the fiber. In this way, the minimum angle for total internal reflection determines the acceptance angle of the fiber, often reported as a numerical aperture. A high numerical aperture makes it easier to efficiently couple a transmitter or receiver to the fiber. However, by allowing light to propagate down the fiber in rays both close to the axis and at various angles, a high numerical aperture also increases the amount of multi-path spreading, or dispersion, that affects light pulses in the fiber.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In graded-index fiber, the index of refraction in the core decreases continuously between the axis and the cladding. This causes light rays to bend smoothly as they approach the cladding, rather than reflect abruptly from the core-cladding boundary. The resulting curved paths reduce multi-path dispersion because high angle rays pass more through the lower-index periphery of the core, rather than the high-index center. The index profile is chosen to minimize the difference in axial propagation speeds of the various rays in the fiber. This ideal index profile is very close to a parabolic relationship between the index and the distance from the axis.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115677457359283080?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115677457359283080/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115677457359283080&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115677457359283080'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115677457359283080'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/optical-fiber.html' title='Optical Fiber'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115653184436919289</id><published>2006-08-25T13:46:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-25T14:05:44.006-05:00</updated><title type='text'>vlan</title><content type='html'>Virtual LAN, commonly known as a vLAN or as a VLAN, is a logically-independent network. Several VLANs can co-exist on a single physical switch.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A VLAN consists of a network of computers that behave as if connected to the same wire - even though they may actually be physically connected to different segments of a LAN. Network administrators configure VLANs through software rather than hardware, which makes them extremely flexible. One of the biggest advantages of VLANs emerges when physically moving a computer to another location: it can stay on the same VLAN without the need for any hardware reconfiguration.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Protocols and design&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The IEEE 802.1Q tagging protocol dominates the VLAN world. Prior to the introduction of 802.1Q several proprietary protocols existed, such as Cisco's ISL (Inter-Switch Link, a variant of IEEE 802.10) and 3Com VLT (Virtual LAN Trunk). Some users now deprecate ISL in favor of 802.1Q.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Early network designers often configured VLANs with the aim of reducing the size of the collision domain in a large single Ethernet segment and thus of improving performance. When Ethernet switches made this a non-issue (because they have no collision domain), attention turned to reducing the size of the broadcast domain at the MAC layer. Virtual networks can also serve to restrict access to network resources without regard to physical topology of the network, although the strength of this method remains debatable as VLAN Hopping is a common means of bypassing such security measures.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Virtual LANs operate at layer 2 (the data link layer) of the OSI model. However, administrators often configure a VLAN to map directly to an IP network, or subnet, which gives the appearance of involving layer 3 (the network layer).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the context of VLANs, the term "trunk" denotes a network link carrying multiple VLANs which are identified by labels (or "tags") inserted into their packets. Such trunks must run between "tagged ports" of VLAN-aware devices, so are often switch-to-switch or switch-to-router links rather than links to hosts. (Confusingly, the term 'trunk' also gets used for what Cisco call "channels" : Link Aggregation or Port Trunking). A router (Layer 3 switch) serves as the backbone for network traffic going across different VLANs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On Cisco devices, VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) allows for VLAN domains, which can aid in administrative tasks. VTP also allows "pruning", which involves directing specific VLAN traffic only to switches which have ports on the target VLAN.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Assigning VLAN Memberships&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The three ways that are in use are:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   &lt;i&gt; * Port-based: A switch port is manually configured to be a member of a VLAN. This method only works if all machines on the port belong to the same VLAN.&lt;br /&gt;    * MAC-based: VLAN membership is based on the MAC address of the workstation. The switch has a table listing of the MAC address of each machine, along with the VLAN to which it belongs.&lt;br /&gt;    * Protocol-based: Layer 3 data within the frame is used to determine VLAN membership. For example, IP machines can be classified as the first VLAN, and AppleTalk machines as the second. The major disadvantage of this method is that it violates the independence of the layers, so an upgrade from IPv4 to IPv6, for example, will cause the switch to fail.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115653184436919289?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115653184436919289/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115653184436919289&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115653184436919289'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115653184436919289'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/vlan.html' title='vlan'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115642103205143713</id><published>2006-08-24T07:02:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-24T07:03:52.060-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Wireless</title><content type='html'>Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio transceiver (a mixed receiver and transmitter device), referring to its use in wireless telegraphy early on, or for a radio receiver. Now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as those in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wireless - LAN &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You can download a good tutorial from Wikipedia clicking below:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.tutorial-reports.com/wireless/wlanwifi/introduction_wifi.php"&gt;DOWNLOAD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115642103205143713?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115642103205143713/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115642103205143713&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115642103205143713'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115642103205143713'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/wireless.html' title='Wireless'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115634273224247879</id><published>2006-08-23T09:17:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-23T09:18:52.256-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Exercise example</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;TOPOLOGY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--------&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- LAB G is connected via serial 1 (199.16.13.1/24) to the serial 0 of the router H (199.16.13.2/24)&lt;br /&gt;- LAB G is connected via serial 0 (201.110.11.2/24) to the serial 1 of the router F (201.110.11.1/24)&lt;br /&gt;- LAB G is connect too with his intranet (219.27.100.0) via Ethernet 0 (219.27.100.1/24) &lt;br /&gt;- The webserver located inside this intranet have this IP Address: 219.27.100.10&lt;br /&gt;- Router H have 1 intranet&lt;br /&gt;- Router F have 2 intranets.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Below, the configuration file of the router G when we have &lt;b&gt;4 conditions of access permit&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1) Users from the intranet of the router H cannot access the webserver located in router G.&lt;br /&gt;2) The webserver of router G can only accept external connections which that are related to HTTP protocol.&lt;br /&gt;3) Hosts between 219.27.100.48 and 219.27.100.63 cannot access external subnets.&lt;br /&gt;4) LAB_G can only accept telnet connections from the subnet 192.15.5.0 of the LAB_F.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;--------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Current configuration : 1079 bytes&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;version 12.2&lt;br /&gt;service timestamps debug uptime&lt;br /&gt;service timestamps log uptime&lt;br /&gt;no service password-encryption&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;hostname LAB_G&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;enable secret 5 $1$JJEw$/9HBdiiiL1ZA163gdyNgR1&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;username catatau password 0 zecolmeia&lt;br /&gt;memory-size iomem 15&lt;br /&gt;ip subnet-zero&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;interface FastEthernet0/0&lt;br /&gt; ip address 219.27.100.1 255.255.255.0&lt;br /&gt; ip access-group 102 in&lt;br /&gt; ip access-group 101 out&lt;br /&gt; duplex auto&lt;br /&gt; speed auto&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;interface Serial0/0&lt;br /&gt; ip address 199.16.13.1 255.255.255.0&lt;br /&gt; clockrate 56000&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;interface Serial0/1&lt;br /&gt; ip address 201.110.11.2 255.255.255.0&lt;br /&gt; clockrate 56000&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;router rip&lt;br /&gt; passive-interface FastEthernet0/0&lt;br /&gt; network 199.16.13.0&lt;br /&gt; network 201.110.11.0&lt;br /&gt; network 219.27.100.0&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;ip classless&lt;br /&gt;ip http server&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;access-list 1 permit 192.15.5.0 0.0.0.255&lt;br /&gt;access-list 101 deny   tcp 223.18.161.0 0.0.0.255 host 219.27.100.10 eq www&lt;br /&gt;access-list 101 permit tcp any host 219.27.100.10 eq www&lt;br /&gt;access-list 102 deny   tcp 219.27.100.48 0.0.0.15 any&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;line con 0&lt;br /&gt; password cisco&lt;br /&gt; login&lt;br /&gt;line aux 0&lt;br /&gt;line vty 0 4&lt;br /&gt; access-class 1 in&lt;br /&gt; password cisco&lt;br /&gt; login local&lt;br /&gt;line vty 5&lt;br /&gt; password cisco&lt;br /&gt; login&lt;br /&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;end&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;LAB_G#&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115634273224247879?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115634273224247879/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115634273224247879&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115634273224247879'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115634273224247879'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/exercise-example.html' title='Exercise example'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115627543350664281</id><published>2006-08-22T14:36:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-22T14:37:13.516-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Storage Area Networl</title><content type='html'>Storage networks are distinguished from other forms of network storage by the low-level access method that they use. Data traffic on these networks is very similar to those used for internal disk drives, like ATA and SCSI.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In a storage network, a server issues a request for specific blocks, or data segments, from specific disk drives. This method is known as block storage. The device acts in a similar fashion to an internal drive, accessing the specified block, and sending the response across the network.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In more traditional file storage access methods, like SMB/CIFS or NFS, a server issues a request for an abstract file as a component of a larger file system, managed by an intermediary computer. The intermediary then determines the physical location of the abstract resource, accesses it on one of its internal drives, and sends the complete file across the network.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Most storage networks use the SCSI protocol for communication between servers and devices, though they do not use its low-level physical interface. Typical SAN physical interfaces include 1Gbit Fibre Channel, 2Gbit Fibre Channel, 4Gbit Fibre Channel, and (in limited cases) 1Gbit iSCSI. The SCSI protocol information will be carried over the lower level protocol via a mapping layer. For example, most SANs in production today use some form of SCSI over Fibre Channel system, as defined by the "FCP" mapping standard. iSCSI is a similar mapping method designed to carry SCSI information over IP.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115627543350664281?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115627543350664281/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115627543350664281&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115627543350664281'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115627543350664281'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/storage-area-networl.html' title='Storage Area Networl'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115624858976607749</id><published>2006-08-22T07:07:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-22T07:09:49.773-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Cisco Live</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/5196/3284/1600/beer.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/5196/3284/320/beer.jpg" border="0" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;Drink Cisco...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115624858976607749?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115624858976607749/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115624858976607749&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115624858976607749'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115624858976607749'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/cisco-live.html' title='Cisco Live'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115624364873885541</id><published>2006-08-22T05:47:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-22T05:47:28.753-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Camada de aplicacao</title><content type='html'>A camada de aplicação dentro do processo de comunicação é representada pelo usuário final para o Modelo OSI. Esta      camada faz a conversão entre os diversos tipos de terminais, controles de operação, mapeamentos de memória para os terminais, controle de transferência de arquivos, e-mail, seleção da disciplina de diálogo e outras facilidades.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Baseado em pedidos de um usuário da rede, esta camada seleciona serviços a serm fornecidos por funções das camadas mais baixas .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Esta camada deve providenciar todos os serviços diretamente relacionados aos usuários. Alguns destes serviços são:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    * identificação da intenção das partes envolvidas na comunicação e sua disponibilidade e autenticidade&lt;br /&gt;    * estabelecimento de autoridade para comunicar-se&lt;br /&gt;    * acordo sobre o mecanismo de privacidade&lt;br /&gt;    * determinação da metodologia de alocação de custo&lt;br /&gt;    * determinação de recursos adequados para prover uma qualidade de serviços aceitável&lt;br /&gt;    * sincronização de cooperação para aplicações&lt;br /&gt;    * seleção da disciplina de diálogo&lt;br /&gt;    * responsabilidade da recuperação de erros de estabelecimento&lt;br /&gt;    * acordo na validação de dados&lt;br /&gt;    * transferência de informações&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Serviços de divulgação&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Faz a divulgação dos serviços disponíveis aos clientes empregando métodos ativos e passivos para divulgar os serviços. Sendo que o método ativo consiste em os servidores de serviços os divulgarem ativamente através de broadcast. Essa divulgação é válida por um tempo determinado o que obriga o broadcast ser atualizado dentro de um tempo especificado, já que os clientes o removerão de suas tabelas de serviços,caso isso não ocorra. Da mesma forma, os clientes podem transmitir mensagens solicitando serviços específicos, e os servidores responderão com uma lista de serviços suportados. E o método passivo, onde os serviços oferecidos encontram-se em um registro central de serviços, o qual é consultado pelos clientes, para determinar quais serviços estão disponíveis e como acessá-los.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115624364873885541?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115624364873885541/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115624364873885541&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115624364873885541'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115624364873885541'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/camada-de-aplicacao.html' title='Camada de aplicacao'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115616915453142805</id><published>2006-08-21T09:05:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-21T09:05:54.540-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Camada de sessao</title><content type='html'>O propósito da camada de sessão é sincronizar o diálogo e gerenciar a troca de dados entre entidades da camada de apresentação comunicantes. Para isso a camada de sessão fornece serviços para o estabelecimento de uma conexão-de-sessão entre duas entidades de apresentação, através do uso de uma conexão de transporte.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Serviços da camada de SESSÃO:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1-&gt; Admnistração de sessão: Une duas entidades para um relacionamento e mais tarde as desune. (ex. de união: login/autenticação e desunião: logoff).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2-&gt; Diálogo da sessão: Controla troca de dados,delimita e sincroniza operações em dados entre duas entidades. Ex. pode-se abrir uma conexão de sessão para trocar informações em half, full-duplex,etc...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Os serviços oferecidos pela camada de sessão, são os primeiros a se preocuparem com as aplicações propriamente ditas, além do serviço de mera comunicação.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115616915453142805?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115616915453142805/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115616915453142805&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115616915453142805'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115616915453142805'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/camada-de-sessao.html' title='Camada de sessao'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115594767138559059</id><published>2006-08-18T19:27:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-18T19:34:31.393-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Camada de transporte</title><content type='html'>Na arquitetura OSI, o serviço de transporte (camada 4) é realizado pela camada quatro (4). A camada de transporte fornece serviços à camada superior - de sessão (camada 5), e utiliza-se dos serviços fornecidos pela camada inferior - de rede (camada 3). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As operações entre entidades de camadas adjacentes dentro de um mesmo sistema aberto ocorrem nos pontos de acesso de serviço (SAP - Service Acess Point), que estão localizados na interface entre duas camadas. No caso da camada transporte esses pontos são denominados TSAP (Transport Service Acess Point). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As camadas se comunicam pelos TSAP utilizando-se de primitivas de serviço. Estas primitivas estão definidas em quatro tipos: &lt;br /&gt;- request (pedido): iniciada por uma camada (N+1) para pedir algum serviço à camada (N); &lt;br /&gt;- indication (indicação): emitida pela camada (N) à camada (N+1) para indicar a ocorrência de algum evento; &lt;br /&gt;- response (resposta): enviada à camada (N) - pela camada (N+1), em resposta à indicaç&amp;atildeo recebida da camada (N); - confirmation (confirmação): emitida pela camada (N) para indicar ao originador do pedido do serviço que o serviço foi completado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;É obvio que o protocolo de transporte não orientado à conexão é menos confiável. Ele não garante - entre outras coisas mais, a entrega das TPDU, nem tampouco a ordenação das mesmas. Entretanto, onde o serviço da camada de rede e das outras camadas inferiores é bastante confiável - como em redes locais, o protocolo de transporte não orientado à conexão pode ser utilizado, sem o overhead inerente a uma operação orientada à conexão. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quando tem-se uma conexão estabelecida, pode-se transmitir dados. A camada de transporte transmissora faz uma enumeração das TPDU enviadas, para que a camada de transporte receptora possa fazer a resseqüênciação das mesmas, garantindo que o receptor receba as TPDU na mesma ordem que o transmissor as enviou. Existem dois tipos de enumerações para a camada de transporte: normal e extendida. A numeração extendida é utilizada em redes de alto throughput, exigindo poucos reconhecimentos de recebimentos de dados. Até que tal reconhecimento chegue, ocorre a retenção das TPDU correspondentes pela a entidade de transporte transmissora, permitindo assim uma retransmissão se necessário. A retransmissão feita pela camada de transporte por ocorrência de erros na camada de rede é conhecida como ressincronização da conexão de transporte. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A camada de transporte pode realizar um controle de erros através de uma checksum inserida como um parâmetro das TPDU. Ela também realiza um controle de fluxo denominado janela deslizante com alocação de crédito. Levando em consideração que estes artifícios podem provocar um retardo no fluxo de dados; então, para transmitir dados com urgência, foi definido prioridades para os chamados dados expressos sobre os dados normais.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115594767138559059?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115594767138559059/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115594767138559059&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115594767138559059'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115594767138559059'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/camada-de-transporte.html' title='Camada de transporte'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115584283873396349</id><published>2006-08-17T14:26:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-17T14:27:18.746-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Inicializacao do roteador</title><content type='html'>Quando você liga o roteador algumas rotinas de inicialização sao executadas ( FIGURA-2 ):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    * POST - power-on self-test, durante este processo o roteador executa diagnósticos a partir da ROM, esses diagnósticos verificam as operações básicas da CPU, a memória e as interfaces. Após a verificação das funções do hardware o roteador realiza a inicialização do software.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    * Localização e carga da imagem do IOS - Após o POST o roteador procura o registro de configuração para determinar onde está localizado a imagem do IOS. Se o roteador não encontrar uma imagem válida do sistema ou se a sequência de boot for interrompida o sistema entra no modo ROM monitor; caso contrário o mesmo procura na NVRAM o indicador da localização da imagem que pode estar:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;          o na ROM;&lt;br /&gt;          o em um servidor TFTP;&lt;br /&gt;          o na flesh memory;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;      Uma vez que a imagem do IOS seja encontrada e carregada passa-se para a próxima fase.&lt;br /&gt;    *   Localizar e carregar o arquivo de configuração - Este arquivo possui todas as informações de configuração especificadas para o roteador em questão. O arquivo de configuração é armazenado na NVRAM, mas você pode configurar o roteador para carregá-lo a partir de um servidor TFTP. Caso não seja encontrado um arquivo de configuração o roteador entra no modo de setup.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Após completar o processo de inicialização o roteador começa a operar. A partir deste ponto você pode construir novos parâmetros de configuração ou alterar os existentes.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115584283873396349?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115584283873396349/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115584283873396349&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115584283873396349'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115584283873396349'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/inicializacao-do-roteador.html' title='Inicializacao do roteador'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115573693473964416</id><published>2006-08-16T09:00:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-16T09:02:14.760-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Novidades CISCO</title><content type='html'>Texto extraído do site &lt;a href="http://www.mude.com.br"&gt; www.mude.com.br&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Novidades incluem novos modelos das séries Cisco 800 e 1800, assim como suporte a interface wireless em toda a linha&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Cisco Systems acaba de anunciar a expansão do portfólio de sua consagrada linha de integrated services routers (ISR). As novidades incluem novos modelos das séries Cisco 800 e 1800, que são entregues com interface wireless integrada (opcional). Além disso, toda a linha agora suporta interfaces wireless (integradas ou em módulos à parte) no padrão IEEE 802.11.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Com as novidades anunciadas, nossas revendas ganham mais opções para oferecer projetos com mobilidade wireless, mais fáceis de implementar, gerenciar e manter seguros", analisa Sander Manzoli (foto à esq.), gerente de produtos de Networking da MUDE. "Os lançamentos também ampliam as oportunidades de negócios, pois os novos roteadores têm preço bastante agressivo e sem dúvida constituem a melhor opção para empresas de pequeno e médio porte."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Os novos produtos incluem os modelos Cisco 850 e Cisco 870, ambos com interface 802.11b/g integrada (opcional), e Cisco 1800 com interface 802.11 a/b/g integrada (opcional). As interfaces HWIC-AP (wireless) e novos módulos EtherSwitch de 16, 24 e 48 portas completam a lista de lançamentos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Integrated services routers&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A linha de integrated services routers foi anunciada mundialmente pela Cisco no segundo semestre de 2004, consagrando-se entre os produtos mais vendidos pela empresa já nos dois primeiros trimestres após o lançamento. "Trata-se de uma linha de roteadores inteligentes que fornecem serviços integrados de segurança, transmissão de dados, voz e vídeo com altíssimo desempenho", explica Sander. A família inclui, além da recém-lançada série Cisco 800, as séries 1800, 2800 e 3800.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“A integração de voz, dados e segurança num só roteador simplifica o gerenciamento e exige menor investimento", acrescenta o gerente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Benefícios&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Confira os principais benefícios dos produtos:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;   Segurança&lt;/span&gt; - Criptografia incorporada no hardware (VPN), firewall stateful, sistema de prevenção de invasão (IPS), controle de adimissão à rede (NAC), proteção para a infraestrutura da rede, dispositivos e comunicações.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;   Voz&lt;/span&gt; - Souções seguras e integradas de processamento de chamadas, atendimento automático e correio de voz compatíveis com uma ampla variedade de interfaces de telefonia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;   Desempenho&lt;/span&gt; - Uma capacidade sem precedentes de executar múltiplos serviços simultâneos integrados em wire-speed com velocidades até E3.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;   Confiabilidade&lt;/span&gt; - Maior disponibilidade e resiliência com inserção e remoção online, sistema redundante e opções de inline-power.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;   Proteção do investimento&lt;/span&gt; - Suporte a até 90 placas de interface e módulos, preservando  investimentos anteriores em equipamentos antigos e, ao mesmo tempo, oferecendo a possibilidade de adaptação e crescimento no futuro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Notícia extraída de: &lt;a href="http://www.mude.com.br/Mude/Noticia.do?method=preparaExibirNoticia&amp;noticiaId=1252"&gt;http://www.mude.com.br/Mude/Noticia.do?method=preparaExibirNoticia&amp;noticiaId=1252&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115573693473964416?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115573693473964416/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115573693473964416&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115573693473964416'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115573693473964416'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/novidades-cisco.html' title='Novidades CISCO'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115566991544463907</id><published>2006-08-15T14:22:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-15T14:25:15.453-05:00</updated><title type='text'>IP Calculator</title><content type='html'>Um bom recurso para download.&lt;br /&gt;Calculadora para calculo simples de sub-rede&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://superdownloads.uol.com.br/download/i8302.html"&gt;DOWNLOAD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ps: o programa é freeware.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115566991544463907?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115566991544463907/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115566991544463907&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115566991544463907'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115566991544463907'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/ip-calculator.html' title='IP Calculator'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115564224147197760</id><published>2006-08-15T06:43:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-15T06:44:01.486-05:00</updated><title type='text'>cisco routers</title><content type='html'>The Cisco 2851 Integrated Services Router is part of the Cisco 2800 Integrated Services Router Series which complements the Integrated Services Router Portfolio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Cisco 2851 Integrated Services Router provides the following support:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    * Wire-speed performance for concurrent services such as security and voice , and advanced services to multiple T1/E1/xDSL WAN rates&lt;br /&gt;    * Enhanced investment protection through increased performance and modularity&lt;br /&gt;    * Enhanced investment protection through increased modularity&lt;br /&gt;    * Increased density through High-Speed WAN Interface Card Slots (four)&lt;br /&gt;    * Enhanced Network Module Slot&lt;br /&gt;    * Support for over 90 existing and new modules&lt;br /&gt;    * Support for majority of existing AIMs, NMs, WICs, VWICs, and VICs&lt;br /&gt;    * Two Integrated 10/100/1000 Ethernet ports&lt;br /&gt;    * Optional Layer 2 switching support with Power over Ethernet (PoE) (as an option) , supports the 36-port Cisco EtherSwitch module (NMD-36ESW)&lt;br /&gt;    * Security&lt;br /&gt;          o On-board encryption&lt;br /&gt;          o Support of up to 1500 VPN tunnels with the AIM-EPII-PLUS Module&lt;br /&gt;          o Antivirus defense support through Network Admission Control (NAC)&lt;br /&gt;          o Intrusion Prevention as well as stateful Cisco IOS Firewall support and many more essential security features&lt;br /&gt;    * Voice&lt;br /&gt;          o Analog and digital voice call support&lt;br /&gt;          o Dedicated Extension Voice Module slot&lt;br /&gt;          o Optional voice mail support&lt;br /&gt;          o Optional support for Cisco CallManager Express for local call processing in stand alone business for up to 72 IP Phones&lt;br /&gt;          o Optional support for Survivable Remote Site Telephony support for local call processing in small enterprise branch offices for up to 96 IP phones&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115564224147197760?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115564224147197760/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115564224147197760&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115564224147197760'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115564224147197760'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/cisco-routers.html' title='cisco routers'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115556362317774608</id><published>2006-08-14T08:52:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-14T08:53:43.186-05:00</updated><title type='text'>CISCO IOS Editor</title><content type='html'>Cisco IOS Editor:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Na página abaixo você vai encontrar o software para baixar por 30 dias gŕatis. &lt;br /&gt;É muito interessante, voce pode alterar arquivos com configurações já existents em um piscar de olhos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.winagents.com/en/downloads/index.php"&gt;http://www.winagents.com/en/downloads/index.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115556362317774608?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115556362317774608/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115556362317774608&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115556362317774608'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115556362317774608'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/cisco-ios-editor.html' title='CISCO IOS Editor'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115555920629007674</id><published>2006-08-14T07:39:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-14T07:40:06.326-05:00</updated><title type='text'>cisco ios</title><content type='html'>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jump to: navigation, search&lt;br /&gt;Cisco IOS (originally Internetwork Operating System) is the software used on the vast majority of Cisco Systems routers and all current Cisco network switches. IOS is a package of routing, switching, internetworking and telecommunications functions tightly integrated with a multitasking operating system. The first IOS was written by William Yeager.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cisco IOS has a characteristic command line interface (CLI), whose style has been widely copied by other networking products. The IOS CLI provides a fixed set of multiple-word commands -- the set available is determined by the "mode" and the privilege level of the current user. "Global configuration mode" provides commands to change the system's configuration, and "interface configuration mode" provides commands to change the configuration of a specific interface. A typical command may be "show interface fa0/48" or "no ip cef traffic-statistics". All commands are assigned a privilege level, from 0 to 15, and can only be accessed by users with the necessary privilege. Through the CLI, the commands available to each privilege level can be defined.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115555920629007674?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115555920629007674/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115555920629007674&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115555920629007674'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115555920629007674'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/cisco-ios.html' title='cisco ios'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115543999975076967</id><published>2006-08-12T22:31:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-12T22:33:19.756-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Cisco Certification</title><content type='html'>Abaixo mais um texto em ingles encontrado no site: http://www.whizlabs.com/ccna.html, onde mostra o que é uma certificação cisco e quais vantagens ela traz no mercado de trabalho nas áreas de TI e redes.:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) Certification is a foundation and beginner level of networking and the only exam required to achieve Cisco Routing and Switching certification at Associate Level.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CCNA is for individuals who are interested in building a future in networking domain on Cisco products. CCNA Certification is the prerequisite for any Cisco Certification. If you want to reach a Professional or Expert level in the Cisco Career Certification tracks, Passing CCNA test is the first step. &lt;br /&gt;Benefits of CCNA Certification  &lt;br /&gt;In general, Cisco Certification validates an individual's achievement, so it increases the holder's professional credibility by ensuring high standards of technical expertise. &lt;br /&gt;In particular, passing the CCNA test indicates knowledge of networking for small to big enterprises. It also confirms the ability to work in small businesses or organizations whose networks have fewer than 100 nodes. &lt;br /&gt;You need to have CCNA for achieving higher Cisco Certifications.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115543999975076967?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115543999975076967/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115543999975076967&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115543999975076967'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115543999975076967'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/cisco-certification.html' title='Cisco Certification'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115531283184588355</id><published>2006-08-11T11:11:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-11T11:22:32.890-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Modems ADSL</title><content type='html'>Quase todos os modems ADSL vendidos atualmente podem ser configurados como roteador, compartilhando a conexão entre os micros da rede local, sem a necessidade de usar um micro com duas placas de rede para isso.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em geral os modems ADSL fazem um bom trabalho, eles não oferecem opções mais avançadas, como por exemplo incluir um proxy transparente, para fazer cache das páginas e arquivos acessados e assim melhorar a velocidade de acesso, mas são capazes de fazer o arroz com feijão, ou seja, como bloquear tentativas de acesso vindos da Internet e redirecionar portas para micros da rede local.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As vantagens de usar o modem configurado como roteador são:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1- Não é preciso usar o pppoeconf para se conectar, nem configurar o compartilhamento da conexão. A conexão é estabelecida pelo próprio modem, basta ligá-lo no hub e configurar os demais PCs para obterem a configuração da rede via DHCP&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2- O modem fica com as portas de entrada, de forma que qualquer tipo de ataque proveniente da Internet é bloqueado pelo próprio modem, antes de chegar nos micros da rede local. O modem serve como uma camada adicional de proteção.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As desvantagens são:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1- Como as portas de entrada ficam com o modem, é preciso configurar o redirecionamento de portas para que você possa usar qualquer servidor ou programa que precise de portas de entrada. Um exemplo clássico é o bittorrent, que precisa que pelo menos uma das portas entre a 6881 e a 6889 esteja aberta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2- Ao contrário dos servidores Linux, os modems ADSL não costumam receber atualizações de segurança. Não é impossível que uma brecha de segurança no próprio modem permita que alguém de fora altere a configuração de redirecionamento de portas (por exemplo) e assim consiga ter acesso aos micros da sua rede local. Alguns modems permitem inclusive a instalação de programas adicionais. Do ponto de vista da segurança um servidor Linux atualizado e bem configurado é mais seguro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color="#ee9d39"&gt;Texto extraido de: Guia do Hardware&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115531283184588355?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115531283184588355/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115531283184588355&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115531283184588355'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115531283184588355'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/modems-adsl.html' title='Modems ADSL'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115530083350287999</id><published>2006-08-11T07:52:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-11T07:53:53.510-05:00</updated><title type='text'>ccnp exam</title><content type='html'>Segue uma questao comentada que extrai de um site chamado Simulation Exams. Está em ingles:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Q1. Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of scalable internet work?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                A. Reliable and available&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                B. Efficient&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                C. Adaptable&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                D. Virus Detection&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;           &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ans: &lt;b&gt;D&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Explanation:  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    The key 5 characteristics of Scalable Internetworks are:&lt;br /&gt;            1. Reliable and available: An internetwork is usually up for 24 hours a day and seven days a week, throughout the year. Therefore, one of the key components is Reliability and availability.&lt;br /&gt;            2. Efficient: Efficiency means optimization of resources keeping in view available bandwidth. An internetwork should have less amount of overhead traffic, such as broadcasts, routing updates etc.&lt;br /&gt;            3. Responsive: It is necessary that the internetwork meet QoS requirements for different protocols. Cisco IOS has been developed keeping in view the QoS demands. For example, SNA may require a different QoS compared to say, IPX.&lt;br /&gt;            4. Adaptable: An internetwork should be able to accommodate disparate networks and protocols. The available protocols may include for example, TCP/IP, IPX, and SNA. An adaptable internet should be able to accommodate legacy as well as latest technologies.&lt;br /&gt;            5. Accessible and Secure: An internet should be accessible by using different technologies, such as dial-up, dedicated, switched connections. At the same time, it should provide secure environment.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115530083350287999?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115530083350287999/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115530083350287999&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115530083350287999'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115530083350287999'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/ccnp-exam.html' title='ccnp exam'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115529581253385376</id><published>2006-08-11T06:29:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-11T06:30:12.543-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Cisco VPN Client</title><content type='html'>Cisco VPN Client System Requirements: Client must run one of the following operating systems:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    * Windows 98, ME, NT4, 2000, or Windows XP&lt;br /&gt;    * Linux&lt;br /&gt;    * Solaris Unix&lt;br /&gt;    * Mac OS X 10.2 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;VPN Servers Supported: The Cisco VPN client is compatible with the following VPN servers from Cisco:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    * Cisco VPN 3000 Series Concentrator Software 3.0 and later&lt;br /&gt;    * Cisco IOS Software 12.2(8)T and later&lt;br /&gt;    * Cisco PIX Firewall Software 6.0 and later &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;VPN Tunneling Protocols Supported: PPTP, L2TP, L2TP/IPsec and several other forms of IPsec related to ESP, NAT, UDP and TCP.&lt;br /&gt;Client Restrictions:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    * incompatible with VPN clients from other vendors&lt;br /&gt;    * incompatible with many personal firewalls. Firewalls may need to be specially configured, or turned off, when running the Cisco VPN client&lt;br /&gt;    * incompatible with Windows Internet Connection Sharing (ICS&lt;br /&gt;    * incompatible with AOL 7.0 and AOL 8.0 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Download the Cisco VPN client&lt;a href="http://www.cisco.com/pcgi-bin/tablebuild.pl?topic=270636499"&gt; here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115529581253385376?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115529581253385376/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115529581253385376&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115529581253385376'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115529581253385376'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/cisco-vpn-client.html' title='Cisco VPN Client'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115523693432740104</id><published>2006-08-10T14:07:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-10T14:08:54.336-05:00</updated><title type='text'>cisco aironet</title><content type='html'>The Cisco Aironet 1200 Series is a pricey yet impressive wireless access point—a slam dunk for businesses that already use Cisco gear. Because of its strong performance, robust security, and a host of management options, it earns our Editors' Choice.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The 1200 Series name covers various configurations. We tested the dual-band, tri-mode access point (model 1230B) with rubber duck antennas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The 1200 Series has the standard security options, such as WPA, and integrates with other Cisco security products. For example, authentication can be done through Cisco's own TACACS+ server, in addition to RADIUS servers. The AP also includes a proprietary version of the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), called LEAP, in addition to the industry-standard PEAP.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Like all things Cisco, the 1200 Series runs on the IOS (Internetwork Operating System). Initial configuration can be completed through a console port or by downloading IOS scripts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alternatively, you can configure the 1200 Series via a Web interface, which does an excellent job of organizing and exposing all of the standard and proprietary security and radio options available. Error messages are also displayed if you've forgotten to configure a required setting—not such an uncommon occurrence given the many details associated with improved wireless security these days.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For large companies, the Cisco Wireless LAN Solution Engine (WLSE) management tool ($8,495 list), part of CiscoWorks, can be added to handle rogue AP detection and interference issues, monitor and configure multiple access points, and more.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the 1200 Series gives you sticker shock, Cisco offers the Aironet 1100 Series for smaller companies. It runs the same code base as the 1200 Series at a much lower price ($599). The 1100 Series has built-in omnidirectional antennas but lacks support for external antennas. It has a single radio and no console port.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In our testing, the 1200 Series delivered strong throughput in both 802.11g-only mode (though it was slightly bested by the Gateway product at three distances) and with both the "a" and "g" radios enabled (13.4 Mbps at 100 feet).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While the 1200 Series is a rock-solid product, you need to invest in WLSE to take full advantage of its feature set. Large businesses with no budget constraints won't have a problem paying for this solution. Smaller companies, however, may fare better with the Gateway or 3Com solutions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Extracted from: http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1759,1639360,00.asp&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115523693432740104?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115523693432740104/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115523693432740104&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115523693432740104'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115523693432740104'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/cisco-aironet.html' title='cisco aironet'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115521632174145725</id><published>2006-08-10T08:23:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-10T08:25:21.743-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Gateway</title><content type='html'>O que é um &lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;gateway&lt;/span&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abaixo encontramos 4 interessantes definições na &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;WEB&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Sistema de computadores que conecta duas ou mais redes, fazendo com que haja uma troca de dados entre elas. &lt;br /&gt;2. Sistema que possibilita o intercâmbio de serviços entre redes com tecnologias completamente distintas, como Bitnet e Internet; &lt;br /&gt;3. Sistema e convenções de interconexão entre duas redes de mesmo nível e idêntica tecnologia, mas sob administrações distintas. &lt;br /&gt;4. Roteador (terminologia TCP/IP).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115521632174145725?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115521632174145725/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115521632174145725&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115521632174145725'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115521632174145725'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/gateway.html' title='Gateway'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115512548209034865</id><published>2006-08-09T07:11:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-09T07:11:22.103-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Route Poisoning</title><content type='html'>Definition of: route poisoning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The notification to a router that a route is down by giving it a number that represents an infinite number of hops. In the case of RIP protocols, 16 is the infinite metric. See holddown timer and routing loop.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115512548209034865?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115512548209034865/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115512548209034865&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115512548209034865'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115512548209034865'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/route-poisoning.html' title='Route Poisoning'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115504699084883399</id><published>2006-08-08T09:18:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-08T09:23:11.006-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Split Horizon</title><content type='html'>O problema do &lt;b&gt;count-to-infinity&lt;/b&gt;(Loop de roteamento) é um dos mais graves com o uso do RIP Versão 1, conhecido apenas como RIP v1. O Windows 200 Server e o Windows Server 2003 dão suporte também ao RIP v2, o qual apresenta algumas modificações no protocolo, as quais evitam, ou pelo menos minimizam problemas como o loops de roteamento e count-to-infinity:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;b&gt;-&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;u&gt;Split horizon (horizonte dividido):&lt;/u&gt; Com esta técnica o roteador registra a interface através da qual recebeu informações sobre uma rota e não difunde informações sobre esta rota, através desta mesma interface. No nosso exemplo, o Roteador B receberia informações sobre a rota para a rede 1, a partir do Roteador B, logo o Roteador A não iria enviar informações sobre Rotas para a rede 1, de volta para o Roteador B. Com isso já seria evitado o problema do count-to-infinity. Em outras palavras, esta característica pode ser resumida assim: Eu aprendi sobre uma rota para a rede X através de você, logo você não pode aprender sobre uma rota para a rede X, através de minhas informações.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;b&gt;-&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;u&gt;Split horizon with poison reverse (Inversão danificada):&lt;/u&gt; Nesta técnica, quando um roteador aprende o caminho para uma determinada rede, ele anuncia o seu caminho, de volta para esta rede, com um hope de 16. No exemplo da Figura anterior, o Roteador B, recebe a informação do Roteador A, que a rede 1 está a 1 hope de distância. O Roteador B anuncia para o roteador A, que a rede 1 está a 16 hope de distância. Com isso, jamais o Roteador A vai tentar achar um caminha para a rede 1, através do Roteador B, o que faz sentido, já que o Roteador A está diretamente conectado à rede 1.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Extraido de: &lt;a href="http://www.unimedbrasilia.com.br/tcpip/"&gt;http://www.unimedbrasilia.com.br/tcpip/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115504699084883399?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115504699084883399/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115504699084883399&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115504699084883399'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115504699084883399'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/split-horizon.html' title='Split Horizon'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115495521069540075</id><published>2006-08-07T07:38:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-07T07:54:56.133-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Paciência (video)</title><content type='html'>&lt;center&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/UuGdR7q0D_g"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/UuGdR7q0D_g" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115495521069540075?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115495521069540075/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115495521069540075&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115495521069540075'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115495521069540075'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/pacincia-video.html' title='Paciência (video)'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115495187556074213</id><published>2006-08-07T06:52:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-07T06:57:57.236-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Endereço MAC</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O endereço MAC (do inglês Media Access Control) é o endereço físico da estação, ou melhor, da interface de rede. É um endereço de 48 bits, representado em hexadecimal. O protocolo é responsável pelo controle de acesso de cada estação à rede Ethernet. Este endereço é o utilizado na camada 2 do Modelo OSI.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Exemplo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;00:00:5E:00:01:03&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Os três primeiros octetos são destinados à identificação do fabricante, os 3 posteriores são fornecidos pelo fabricante. É um endereço universal, i.e., não existem, em todo o mundo, duas placas com o mesmo endereço.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em máquinas com Windows XP, Windows 2000 ou Windows 98 instalados pode-se verificar o endereço MAC da placa ou interface de rede através do comando ipconfig com o parâmetro /all No Windows 98 existe também um programa com interface gráfica, o winipcfg para verificar este parâmetro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No Linux o comando é ifconfig.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115495187556074213?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115495187556074213/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115495187556074213&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115495187556074213'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115495187556074213'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/endereo-mac.html' title='Endereço MAC'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115471188818430167</id><published>2006-08-04T12:17:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-04T12:18:08.196-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Loops de Roteamento</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;A Cisco ensina basicamente 5 formas de soluções para Loop de roteamento.&lt;br /&gt;Neste post, irei apresentar primeiramente o que é um loop de roteamento, nos 5 posts seguintes, virão as soluções adotadas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Loop de roteamento é ocasionado por tabelas inconsistentes onde não foram atualizadas devido a convergência lenta. Neste caso a rede não está totalmente convergida. Assim os roteadores tem uma errada visão sobre seus vizinhos conectados enviando pacotes para redes que não estão mais acessíveis.&lt;br /&gt;Logo estes pacotes entram em looping, sendo enviados sem destino de um para outro.&lt;br /&gt;Assim este determinado pacote fica então transitando na rede, sem chegar ao seu destino, até que o seu tempo de vida acabe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;As soluções:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Contagem até o infinito&lt;br /&gt;Split Horizon&lt;br /&gt;Inviabilização de rotas&lt;br /&gt;Atualizações acionadas&lt;br /&gt;Holdown.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115471188818430167?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115471188818430167/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115471188818430167&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115471188818430167'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115471188818430167'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/loops-de-roteamento.html' title='Loops de Roteamento'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115469308896999622</id><published>2006-08-04T06:59:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-04T18:45:33.186-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Guia de bolso</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;Pessoal,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Encontrei na internet em PDF um guia de bolso muito útil que traz os principais comandos da CLI do IOS, além de algumas definições. Vale a pena.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;Voce pode baixar clicando &lt;a href="http://asc.di.fct.unl.pt/crc/aulas-praticas/guia-ios.pdf"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/center&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115469308896999622?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115469308896999622/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115469308896999622&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115469308896999622'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115469308896999622'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/guia-de-bolso.html' title='Guia de bolso'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115463220759127961</id><published>2006-08-03T14:08:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-04T07:10:25.240-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Sistemas Autônomos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;Questão de prova:  Sistemas Autônomos (AS)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um AS (Autonomous System) é uma coleção de redes sob uma administração comum.&lt;br /&gt;O ARIN atribui um número de registro para cada AS, este número é &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;um número composto de 16bits&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(Questão que caiu na prova do CCNA2)&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alguns dos protocolos de roteamento, tais como &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;IGRP&lt;/span&gt; da Cisco, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;requerem a atribuição de um número único&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Os AS propiciam a divisão do grupo de redes interconectadas em redes menores&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Vale a pena anotar este ponto em seu diário de engenharia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115463220759127961?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115463220759127961/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115463220759127961&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115463220759127961'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115463220759127961'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/sistemas-autnomos.html' title='Sistemas Autônomos'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115463138586675475</id><published>2006-08-03T13:55:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-04T07:12:39.776-05:00</updated><title type='text'>BGP</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;Um Pouco sobre o Border Gateway Protocol&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;O BGP é um protocolo de roteamento para ser usado entre múltiplos sistemas autônomos em internets baseadas no protocolo TCP/IP. O BGP-4 [RFCs 1771, 1772] tornou-se o sucessor natural do EGP, efetivamente atacando suas deficiências mais sérias, ou seja, evitando "loops" de roteamento e permitindo o uso de políticas de roteamento entre ASs baseado em regras arbitrárias por eles definidas. Além disso, o BGP-4 foi a primeira versão do BGP a suportar endereços agregados (Classless Interdomain Routing, ou simplesmente CIDR) e o conceito de supernets.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O protocolo BGP-4 assume que o roteamento interno do AS é feito através de um sistema IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) de roteamento interno. Este pode ser um protocolo de roteamento como o RIP, OSPF, IGRP, EIGRP; ou até mesmo através de rotas estáticas. O BGP constrói um gráfico dos ASs, usando as informações trocadas pelos "vizinhos BGP" (BGP neighbors), que são compostas dos números identificadores dos ASs, os ASN. A conexão entre ASs forma um "caminho" (path), e a coleção desses caminhos acaba formando uma rota composta pelos números dos ASs que devem ser percorridos até se chegar a um determinado AS destino.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O BGP faz uso do TCP (porta 179) para o transporte das informações de roteamento de modo que ele próprio não precisa preocupar-se a respeito a correta da transmissão das informações.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Outra característica do BGP-4 é atualização das tabelas de rotas feitas de forma incremental, como nos algoritmos de estado de enlace. A atualização completa da tabela de rotas é feita somente uma vez, quando se estabelece a sessão entre os neighbors ou peers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para o estabelecimento de uma sessão BGP entre neighbors ou peers, basicamente, os seguintes passos são executados:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;    * É estabelecida a conexão TCP entre os dois roteadores que trocam mensagens de abertura da sessão e negociam os parâmetros de operação;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;    * O primeiro fluxo de dados transmitido é a tabela de rotas BGP completa. Posteriores atualizações nesta tabela são feitas, incrementalmente, à medida que as mudanças ocorrerem;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;    * Como não há a atualização completa da tabela após a primeira, o roteador mantém a informação da versão da tabela que todos os seus peers possuem, enquanto durar a sessão entre eles. Se esta for interrompida por qualquer motivo, o processo é iniciado novamente a partir do primeiro passo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;    * Mensagens de keepalive são enviadas periodicamente para manter a sessão aberta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;    * Mensagens de aviso são enviadas quando ocorrem erros ou outras situações especiais;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;    * Caso uma conexão verifique um erro, uma mensagem é enviada e a conexão fechada, encerrando a sessão.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Texto extraído do site:  http://www.novomapa.com/hospedagem/glossario/bgp4.htm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115463138586675475?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115463138586675475/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115463138586675475&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115463138586675475'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115463138586675475'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/bgp.html' title='BGP'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115462875750968201</id><published>2006-08-03T13:03:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-04T07:14:25.366-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Configurando Rotas Default</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;As rotas default são usadas quando o destino do pacote não corresponde a nenhuma entrada na tabela de roteamento.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Use o seguinte comando para configurar:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;IP ROUTE 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [interface de saída]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;           ou&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;IP ROUTE 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [IP do próximo gateway]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cuidado, se voce for usar a interface para configurar, voce deve usar a interface de SAÍDA de seu roteador.&lt;br /&gt;Se voce for usar o gateway (um endereço IP), deve usar o IP do próximo dispositivo, nunca o seu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Isto é muito cobrado nas provas, principalmente do capítulo 4 do CCNA2,  onde todas as questões praticamente fazem alusão ao assunto Rotas default.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Depois de configuradas não esqueça de salvar tudo usando &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;copy run start&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para exibir sua tabela de roteamento, incluindo os estáticos e dinâmicos use o comando &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;show ip route&lt;/span&gt; , a letra &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;S&lt;/span&gt; na frente da rota indica uma rota estática, um * indica que é uma rota estática padrão.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115462875750968201?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115462875750968201/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115462875750968201&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115462875750968201'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115462875750968201'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/configurando-rotas-default.html' title='Configurando Rotas Default'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115455265846716766</id><published>2006-08-02T16:00:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-04T07:15:54.526-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Modos operacionais do IOS</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;Entrando mais na parte opercional do sistema, sabemos que o roteador precisa de um sistema operacional para funcionar (IOS). Este fica na FLASH. Usa como ambiente, o ambiente de linha de comando. (CLI).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A seguir os modos operacionais que podem ser acessados neste sistema.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Modo EXEC de usuário (Router&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;-&gt; permite somente uma quantidade limitada de comando e não permita a execução de quaisquer configuração.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Modo EXEC privilegiado (Router#) &lt;/span&gt;-&gt; geralmente requer senha para ser acessado, semelhante ao super usuario (-su) do linux.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Os modos de configuração global (Router(config)#) e demais modos de configuração específica&lt;/span&gt; só podem ser alcançados através do modo privilegiado do roteador.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Ao iniciar o IOS voce já é levado ao modo de usuário, para acessar o modo privilegiado utilize do comando enable, da seguinte maneira.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Router&gt; enable&lt;br /&gt;password:&lt;br /&gt;Router#&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115455265846716766?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115455265846716766/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115455265846716766&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115455265846716766'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115455265846716766'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/modos-operacionais-do-ios.html' title='Modos operacionais do IOS'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115452531879618680</id><published>2006-08-02T08:21:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-04T07:17:47.800-05:00</updated><title type='text'>WANs</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;Uma WAN (Wide Area Network) é uma rede de comunicações de dados que abrenge uma grande área geográfica. Use isto como defnição em seus conteúdos CISCO.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;------------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;Exemplos de redes de dados existentes, incluíndo as WANS:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10m -&gt; sala&lt;br /&gt;100m -&gt; edificio&lt;br /&gt;1km -&gt; campus&lt;br /&gt;10km -&gt; cidade&lt;br /&gt;100km-&gt;  pais&lt;br /&gt;1000km -&gt; continente&lt;br /&gt;10.000km -&gt; planeta&lt;br /&gt;100.000km -&gt; sistemas terra-lua&lt;br /&gt;------------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;DISPOSITIVOS WAN&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Costumeiramente citamos 3 dispositivos básicos para a existência de uma WAN:&lt;br /&gt;- Roteador&lt;br /&gt;- Modem CSU/DSU&lt;br /&gt;- Servidor de comunicações&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As WANS são projetadas para operar em uma ampla área geográfica, permitir a opção por conexões seriais de baixo custo e baixa velocidade, ou conexões por fibra com alto custo e alta velocidade, além de proporcionar conectividade permanente ou temporária.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abaixo algumas fotos destes equipamentos usados:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.obanco.com.br/BancoImgs/img_info/capa/1_a/4319_1_a.jpg"&gt;&lt;br&gt;Roteador Cisco&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://i10.ebayimg.com/03/i/04/7c/e7/3f_2.JPG"&gt;&lt;br&gt;Modem CSU/DSU&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.studioserver.com.br/index_arquivos/servidor.jpg"&gt;&lt;br&gt;Servidor de comunicações&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115452531879618680?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115452531879618680/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115452531879618680&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115452531879618680'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115452531879618680'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/wans.html' title='WANs'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115452145265220168</id><published>2006-08-02T07:20:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-04T07:18:16.103-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Hyper Terminal</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;Configuração padrão  para conexão de uma porta console ou auxiliar via Hyperterminal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Use uma porta de comunicação adequada. (Geralmente COM1)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nas configurações de conexão do HyperTerminal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;-----------------------------------&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Velocidade: 9600 baud&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Bits de dados: 8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Paridade: Nenhuma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Bit de parada: 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Controle de fluxo: Nenhum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;----------------------------------- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115452145265220168?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115452145265220168/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115452145265220168&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115452145265220168'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115452145265220168'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/hyper-terminal.html' title='Hyper Terminal'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115451764045243566</id><published>2006-08-02T06:13:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-04T07:18:48.720-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Quebra de senhas para cisco 2500</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;Segue abaixo um processo para quebra de senhas em um roteador CISCO da séria 2500&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Router&gt; Reinicie o roteador manualmente (ON/OFF)&lt;br /&gt;                  Mantenha a tecla CTRL pressionada e entao pressione a tecla BREAK para cancelar a init padrão.&lt;br /&gt;Uma tela com o ROMMON irá abrir pra você:&lt;br /&gt;&gt; o/r 0x2142&lt;br /&gt;&gt;i&lt;br /&gt;&gt;Pressione ENTER&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aguarde o restart do roteador&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog?&lt;br /&gt;no &lt;enter&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Router&gt;enable&lt;br /&gt;Router#copy start run&lt;br /&gt;Router#config terminal&lt;br /&gt;Router(config)#enable secret &lt;novasenha&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Router(config)#line console 0&lt;br /&gt;Router(config-line)#password &lt;novasenha&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Router(config-line)#login&lt;br /&gt;Router(config-line)#exit&lt;br /&gt;Router(config)#config-register 21x2102&lt;br /&gt;Router(config)#exit&lt;br /&gt;Router#copy run start&lt;br /&gt;Router#reload&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aguarde então que o roteador reinicie com sua nova senha configurada.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115451764045243566?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115451764045243566/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115451764045243566&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115451764045243566'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115451764045243566'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/quebra-de-senhas-para-cisco-2500.html' title='Quebra de senhas para cisco 2500'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115446506920358153</id><published>2006-08-01T15:42:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-01T15:44:29.203-05:00</updated><title type='text'>CDP - Extracted definition from JAVVin</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;CDP: Cisco Discovery Protocol&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p&gt;Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is primarily used to obtain protocol addresses of neighboring devices and discover the platform of those devices. CDP can also be used to show information about the interfaces your router uses. CDP is media- and protocol-independent, and runs on all Cisco-manufactured equipment including routers, bridges, access servers, and switches. &lt;/p&gt;                 &lt;p&gt;Use of SNMP with the CDP Management Information Base (MIB) allows network management applications to learn the device type and the SNMP agent address of neighboring devices, and to send SNMP queries to those devices. Cisco Discovery Protocol uses the CISCO-CDP-MIB. &lt;/p&gt;                 &lt;p&gt;CDP runs on all media that support Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP), including local-area network (LAN), Frame Relay, and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) physical media. CDP runs over the data link layer only. Therefore, two systems that support different network-layer protocols can learn about each other.&lt;/p&gt;                 &lt;p&gt;Each device configured for CDP sends periodic messages, known as advertisements, to a multicast address. Each device advertises at least one address at which it can receive SNMP messages. The advertisements also contain time-to-live, or holdtime, information, which indicates the length of time a receiving device should hold CDP information before discarding it. Each device also listens to the periodic CDP messages sent by others in order to learn about neighboring devices and determine when their interfaces to the media go up or down &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;CDP Version-2 (CDPv2), the most recent release of the protocol, provides more intelligent device tracking features. These features include a reporting mechanism which allows for more rapid error tracking, thereby reducing costly downtime. Reported error messages can be sent to the console or to a logging server, and cover instances of unmatching native VLAN IDs (IEEE 802.1Q) on connecting ports, and unmatching port duplex states between connecting devices.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Text exctracted form " http://www.javvin.com/protocolCDP.html" It is a nice site about CDP, I recommend it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thomas&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115446506920358153?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115446506920358153/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115446506920358153&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115446506920358153'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115446506920358153'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/cdp-extracted-definition-from-javvin.html' title='CDP - Extracted definition from JAVVin'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115446393640408842</id><published>2006-08-01T15:17:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-01T15:25:36.416-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Um pouco sobre o Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)</title><content type='html'>Características&lt;br /&gt;- o CDP é um protocolo de camada 2 (Camada de Enlace do modelo OSI)&lt;br /&gt;- é um protocolo proprietário da CISCO&lt;br /&gt;- Conecta os protocolos inferiores do meio físico com os protocolos superiores da camada de rede.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quando um device CISCO é inicializado, o CDP é ativado automaticamente, permitindo que este dispositivo detecte os dispositivos vizinhos que também estiverem exectuando o CDP.&lt;br /&gt;Cada CDP envia mensagens periódicas chamadas de "ANÚNCIOS" para os dispositivos diretamente conectados.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tem como principal função descobrir TODOS OS DISPOSITIVOS CISCO que estão diretamente conectados a um dispostivo local. (Por ex: Um router).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para ativar o CDP em todo o roteador voce deverá usar o seguinte comando no IOS.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Router&gt;&lt;br /&gt;enable&lt;br /&gt;Router#&lt;br /&gt;Router#config terminal&lt;br /&gt;Router(config)#cdp run&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para ativar somente em determinada interface use: (Por exemplo: Serial 0)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Router&gt;&lt;br /&gt;enable&lt;br /&gt;Router#&lt;br /&gt;Router#config terminal&lt;br /&gt;Router(config)#interface s0&lt;br /&gt;Router(config-if)#&lt;br /&gt;Router(config-if)#cdp enable (Dentro da configuração da interface)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para desativar voce deve sempre a negação no início de cada comando, como de habitual:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ex: NO CDP RUN&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115446393640408842?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115446393640408842/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115446393640408842&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115446393640408842'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115446393640408842'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/08/um-pouco-sobre-o-cisco-discovery.html' title='Um pouco sobre o Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115409611515541792</id><published>2006-07-28T09:12:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-07-28T09:15:15.163-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Livro "Roteadores Cisco"</title><content type='html'>Segue uma sugestão de compra de livro:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.linuxmall.com.br/index.php?product_id=2100"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.linuxmall.com.br/_product/2/2100/408056b8f88135fa2cc10c03e7410fec.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O Livro custa em torno de 50,00 e pode ser encontrado no site da LinuxMall.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115409611515541792?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115409611515541792/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115409611515541792&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115409611515541792'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115409611515541792'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/07/livro-roteadores-cisco.html' title='Livro &quot;Roteadores Cisco&quot;'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31800116.post-115409497554524125</id><published>2006-07-28T08:39:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2006-08-04T07:19:52.663-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Endereços IP, princípios...</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;Inicialmente voce precisa ter o seguinte conceito, os endereços IP (por Ex: 192.100.60.2) são pertencentes as interfaces de um equipamento e não ao equipamento. Não é o computador que possui um endereço IP, e sim a interface de rede instalada no computador que possui. Tanto que existem dispositivos com mais de uma interface de rede, logo, a atribuição de um endereço IP para cada interface é essencial.&lt;br /&gt;Endereços IP sao 4 numeros separados por pontos, compostos por 32bits (8bits cada).&lt;br /&gt;Existe a porção REDE destes numeros, e a porção HOST:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por ex:&lt;br /&gt;No endereço IP 192.168.20.5&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Porção de Rede refere-se ao trexo 192.168.20, sendo a porção host o trexo .5 do endereço. Isto acontece por ser uma classe C, como veremos a seguir.&lt;br /&gt;Dividimos estes numeros em 3 categorias, denominadas classes, separadas por faixas:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Classe&lt;/b&gt;  - &lt;b&gt;Faixa Decimal da porção rede&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;A - 1 até 126&lt;/b&gt; (Por exemplo: &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;10.10.0.0&lt;/span&gt;)(Possuem 8Bits para REDE e 24 para Host)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;B - 128 até 191&lt;/b&gt; (Por exemplo: &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;128.140.0.1)&lt;/span&gt; (Possuem 16 Bits para REDE e 16 para Host)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;C - 192 até 254&lt;/b&gt; (Por exemplo: &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;200.150.1.2&lt;/span&gt;) Mais conhecido e usado, possui (24Bits para REDE e 8 bits para Host)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31800116-115409497554524125?l=tipsforcisco.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/feeds/115409497554524125/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31800116&amp;postID=115409497554524125&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115409497554524125'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31800116/posts/default/115409497554524125'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tipsforcisco.blogspot.com/2006/07/endereos-ip-princpios.html' title='Endereços IP, princípios...'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry></feed>
